1938

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Years:	1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941

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v t e

1938 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1938 MCMXXXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2691
Armenian calendar	1387 ԹՎ ՌՅՁԷ
Assyrian calendar	6688
Bahá'í calendar	94–95
Balinese saka calendar	1859–1860
Bengali calendar	1345
Berber calendar	2888
British Regnal year	2 Geo. 6 – 3 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar	2482
Burmese calendar	1300
Byzantine calendar	7446–7447
Chinese calendar	丁丑年 (Fire Ox) 4634 or 4574     — to — 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger) 4635 or 4575
Coptic calendar	1654–1655
Discordian calendar	3104
Ethiopian calendar	1930–1931
Hebrew calendar	5698–5699
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1994–1995
- Shaka Samvat	1859–1860
- Kali Yuga	5038–5039
Holocene calendar	11938
Igbo calendar	938–939
Iranian calendar	1316–1317
Islamic calendar	1356–1357
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 13 (昭和１３年)
Javanese calendar	1868–1869
Juche calendar	27
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4271
Minguo calendar	ROC 27 民國27年
Nanakshahi calendar	470
Thai solar calendar	2480–2481
Tibetan calendar	阴火牛年 (female Fire-Ox) 2064 or 1683 or 911     — to — 阳土虎年 (male Earth-Tiger) 2065 or 1684 or 912

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1938.

1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1938th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 938th year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1930s decade.

Events[]

January[]

• January 1
  • The California Golden Bears defeat the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 1938 Rose Bowl, with a final score of 13-0.
  • The Company 1938 OEM Industrial Groups is officially registered.
  • The new constitution of Estonia enters into force, which many consider to be the ending of the Era of Silence and the authoritarian regime.
  • Sir Alexander Cadogan succeeds Sir Robert Vansittart as permanent under-secretary at the British Foreign Office; Vansittart is "kicked upstairs" by being given the new office of Chief Diplomatic Advisor to the Government.
  • The Merrie Melodies cartoon short Daffy Duck & Egghead is released, being the first cartoon to give Daffy Duck his continuing name, as well as his second appearance.
  • State-owned railroad networks are created by merger, in France (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français – SNCF) and the Netherlands (Nederlandse Spoorwegen – NS).^[1]
• January 3 – The March of Dimes is established as a foundation to combat infant polio, by President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• January 12 – German War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg marries Eva Gruhn in Berlin; Hermann Göring is best man at the wedding.
• January 16 – Two landmark live sound recordings are produced this day: the very first of Mahler's Ninth by the Vienna Philharmonic under Bruno Walter, in the face of dire circumstances; and Benny Goodman and his orchestra become the first jazz musicians to headline a concert at Carnegie Hall, in New York City.
• January 20 – King Farouk of Egypt marries Safinaz Zulficar, who becomes Queen Farida, in Cairo.
• January 22 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town is performed for the first time anywhere in Princeton, New Jersey. It premieres in New York City on February 4.
• January 27
  • The Niagara Bridge at Niagara Falls, New York collapses, due to an ice jam.
  • German War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg resigns, following the revelation that his new wife had previously posed for pornographic photos.
• January 28 – The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont.

February[]

• February 4
  • Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, Hitler dismisses political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is dismissed, and replaced by Joachim von Ribbentrop.
  • Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first cel-animated feature in motion picture history, is released in the United States, following a premiere the previous year.
• February 6 – Black Sunday at Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia: 300 swimmers are dragged out to sea in 3 freak waves; 80 lifesavers save all but 5.
• February 10 – Carol II of Romania takes dictatorial powers.
• February 12 – Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg of Austria meets Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden and, under threat of invasion, is forced to yield to German demands for greater Nazi participation in the Austrian government.
• February 14 – The British naval base at Singapore begins operations.
• February 20 – Sir Anthony Eden resigns as British Foreign Secretary, following major disagreements with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain over the best policy to follow in regards to Italy, and is succeeded by Lord Halifax.
• February 24 – A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.

March[]

• March 3
  • The Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County, and causing trouble as far inland as Palm Springs.^[2]
  • Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
  • Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading role), in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.
• March 12 – Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day.
• March 14 – French Premier Léon Blum reassures the Czechoslovak government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid Czechoslovakia, in the event of a German invasion.
• March 15 – The Soviet Union announces officially that Nikolai Bukharin has been executed.
• March 17 – Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region.
• March 18
  • Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.
  • General Werner von Fritsch is acquitted of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial.
• March 27 – Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana disappears suddenly under mysterious circumstances, while travelling by ship from Palermo to Naples.
• March 28 – At a meeting with Hitler in Berlin, Konrad Henlein is instructed to make increasing demands concerning the status of the Sudetenland, but to avoid reaching an agreement with Czechoslovak authorities.
• March 30 – Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini is granted equal power over the Italian military to that of King Victor Emmanuel III, as First Marshal of the Empire.

April[]

• April 10
  • Édouard Daladier becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14.
  • In a result that astonishes even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approve Anschluss by an overwhelming 99.73%.
• April 15 – Huey, Dewey and Louie make their first appearance, in the Disney animated short Donald's Nephews.
• April 16 – London and Rome sign an agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia (formally on November 16), in return for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its 10,000 troops from Spain, at the conclusion of the civil war there.
• April 18 – Superman first appears (as an untested^{[clarification needed]} lead feature^{[citation needed]}), in Action Comics #1 (cover date June). The date is established in court documents released during the legal battle over the rights to Superman (on April 18, 2018, DC Comics releases Action Comics #1000).
• April 24 – Konstantin Päts becomes the first President of Estonia.
• April 25 – Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins: The U.S. Supreme Court overturns a century of federal common law.
• April 28 – The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated, to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir.

May[]

• May 5
  • The Vatican recognizes Francisco Franco's government in Spain.
  • General Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German Army's General Staff, submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing Fall Grün (Case Green), the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result from such an attack.
• May 12 – U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejects the Soviet Union's offer of a joint defence pact, to counter the rise of Nazi Germany.
• May 14 – Chile withdraws from the League of Nations.
• May 17 – Information Please debuts on NBC Radio in the United States.
• May 19 – May Crisis 1938: Czechoslovak intelligence receives reports of menacing German military concentrations (it later appears the reports are false).
• May 20 – Czechoslovakia orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border.
• May 21 – Tsuyama massacre: Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in Okayama, Japan, in the world's worst spree killing by an individual until 1982.
• May 23 – No evidence of German troop movements against Czechoslovakia is found, and the May Crisis subsides. Germany is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity, but the issue of the future of the Sudetenland is far from resolved.
• May 25
  • Spanish Civil War: Alicante is bombed by fascist rebels, resulting in 313 deaths.
  • The Soviet ambassador to the United States, A. A. Troyanovsky, declares Moscow ready to defend Czechoslovakia.
  • Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti, a notable sports venue in Argentina, officially opens in Buenos Aires.^{[citation needed]}
• May 28 – In a conference at the Reich Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to destroy Czechoslovakia by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.
• May 30 – Hitler issues a revised directive for Fall Grün ("Case Green") - the invasion of Czechoslovakia - to be carried out by 1 October 1938.

June[]

• June 5 & 7 – The 1938 Yellow River flood is created by the Nationalist government in central China, breaching embankments during the early stage of the Second Sino-Japanese War, in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of Japanese forces. The flood kills at least 400,000, covers and destroys thousands of square kilometers of farmland, and shifts the mouth of the Yellow River hundreds of kilometers to the south.
• June 11 – Fire destroys 214 buildings in Ludza, Latvia.
• June 15 – László Bíró patents the ballpoint pen in Britain.
• June 19 – Italy beats Hungary 4–2, to win the 1938 FIFA World Cup.
• June 22 – Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocks out Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch, at Yankee Stadium in New York City.
• June 23
  • The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority as an independent agency in the United States (effective August 22).
  • Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida.
• June 24 – A 450-metric-ton (496-short-ton) meteorite explodes about 12 miles (19 km) above the earth, near Chicora, Pennsylvania.
• June 25 – Dr. Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland.

July[]

• July – The Mauthausen concentration camp is built in Austria.
• July 1 – The South African Press Association is established, with offices in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Bloemfontein and Pretoria.
• July 3
  • The steam locomotive Mallard sets the world speed record for steam, by reaching 125.88 mph on the London and North Eastern Railway.
  • The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• July 5 – The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. The agreement is respected by most Republican International Brigades, notably those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy.
• July 6 – The Evian Conference on Refugees is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept Jews fleeing persecution, and the United States will take only 27,370.
• July 14 – Howard Hughes sets a new record, by completing a 91-hour airplane flight around the world.
• July 18 – Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from New York, ostensibly heading for California. He lands in Ireland instead.
• July 22 – Britain rejects a proposal from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four-power summit on Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R., as London will under no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.
• July 24 – The Eiger north face of the Alps is first ascended.
• July 28
  • 1938 Greek coup d'état attempt: A revolt against the Ioannis Metaxas dictatorship in Greece is put down in Chania.
  • Pan Am flying boat Hawaii Clipper disappears with 6 passengers and 9 crew members, en route from Guam to Manila.
• July 30 – The first ever issue of The Beano children's comic is published in Britain.

August[]

• August – In the face of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, Chiang Kai-shek withdraws his government to Chungking.
• August 3 – Lord Runciman, sent by Neville Chamberlain, arrives in Prague on his mission of mediation, in the Sudetenland dispute.
• August 10 – At a secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck's arguments against Fall Grün, winning the majority of his senior officers over to his point of view.
• August 18
  • The Thousand Islands Bridge, connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
  • Colonel General Ludwig Beck, convinced that Hitler's decision to attack Czechoslovakia will lead to a general European war, resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest.
  • Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin arrives in London, looking for British support for an anti-Nazi putsch, using the looming crisis over the Sudetenland as a pretext. His private mission is dismissed by Neville Chamberlain as unimportant (Chamberlain refers to von Kleist as a "Jacobite"), but he finds a sympathetic if powerless audience in Winston Churchill.
• August 23 – Hitler, hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner Patria in Kiel Bay, tells the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Horthy, that action against Czechoslovakia is imminent and that "he who wants to sit at the table must at least help in the kitchen", a reference to Horthy's designs on Carpathian Ruthenia.
• August 27 – General Beck leaves office as Chief of the General Staff; he is replaced by General Franz Halder.
• August 28 – Lord Runciman's mission to mitigate the Sudetenland crisis begins to break down. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls Ambassador Nevile Henderson from Berlin, to instruct Henderson to set up a personal meeting between Chamberlain and Hitler.
• August 31 – Winston Churchill, still believing France and Britain mean to honor their promises to defend Czechoslovakia against Nazi aggression, suggests in a personal note to Neville Chamberlain that His Majesty's Government may want to set up a broad international alliance, including the United States (specifically mentioning U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as possibly receptive to the idea) and the Soviet Union.

September[]

• September – The European crisis over German demands for annexation of the Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia becomes increasingly severe.
• September 2 – Soviet Ambassador to Britain Ivan Maisky calls on Winston Churchill, telling him that Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov has expressed to the French chargé d'affaires in Moscow that the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia.
• September 4 – During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque at Pointe de Grave, France, celebrating Franco-American friendship, American Ambassador William Bullitt in a speech states, "France and the United States were united in war and peace", leading to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia, then the United States would join the war on the Allied side.
• September 5 – Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans Hradčany Palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia.
• September 6 – What eventually proves to be the last of the "Nuremberg Rallies" begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed that Hitler, in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war over Czechoslovakia.
• September 7 – The Times publishes a lead article, which calls on Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland to Germany.
• September 9 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt's speech at a press conference at the White House. Roosevelt states it is "100% wrong" the U.S. would join a "stop-Hitler bloc" under any circumstances and makes it quite clear that in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain neutral.
• September 10 – Hermann Göring, in a speech at Nuremberg, calls the Czechs a "miserable pygmy race" who are "harassing the human race." That same evening, Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm.
• September 12 – Hitler makes his much-anticipated closing address at Nuremberg, in which he vehemently attacks the Czech people and President Beneš. American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio Network, with a summation of Hitler's address.
• September 13 – The followers of Konrad Henlein begin an armed revolt against the Czechoslovak government in Sudetenland. Martial law is declared and after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. Neville Chamberlain personally sends a telegram to Hitler, urgently requesting that they both meet.
• September 15 – Neville Chamberlain arrives in Berchtesgaden, to begin negotiations with Hitler over the Sudetenland.
• September 16 – Lord Runciman is recalled to London from Prague, in order to brief the British government on the situation in the Sudetenland.
• September 17 – Neville Chamberlain returns temporarily to London, to confer with his cabinet. The U.S.S.R. Red Army masses along the Ukrainian frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Soviet soldiers free passage across her territory to defend Czechoslovakia.
• September 18
  • During a meeting between Neville Chamberlain, the recently elected Premier of France, Édouard Daladier, and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent that neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland. The Soviet Union declares it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to defend Czechoslovak independence.
  • Mussolini makes a speech in Trieste, Italy, where he indicates that Italy is supporting Germany in the Sudeten crisis.
• September 21
  • In the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš, to tell him France and Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides to annex the Sudetenland by force. Late in the afternoon, the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the French and British demands.
  • Winston Churchill warns of grave consequences to European security, if Czechoslovakia is partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov makes a similar statement in the League of Nations.
  • The 1938 New England hurricane strikes Long Island and southern New England, killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether.
  • Following the capitulation of the Czech government to Germany's demands, both Poland and Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside.
• September 22
  • Unable to survive the previous day's capitulation to the demands of the English and French governments, Czechoslovak premier Milan Hodža resigns. General Jan Syrový takes his place.
  • Neville Chamberlain arrives in the city of Bad Godesberg, for another round of talks with Hitler over the Sudetenland crisis. Hitler raises his demands to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1. That night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises the Czechoslovaks to mobilize.
  • Olsen and Johnson's musical comedy revue Hellzapoppin begins its 3-year run on Broadway.
• September 23
  • The Czechoslovak army mobilizes.
  • As the Polish army masses along the Czech border, the Soviet Union warns Poland that if it crosses the Czech frontier, Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression pact between the two countries as void.
• September 24
  • Sir Eric Phipps, British Ambassador to France, reports to London, "all that is best in France is against war, almost at any price", being opposed only by a "small, but noisy and corrupt, war group". Phipps's report creates major doubts about the ability and/or willingness of France to go to war.
  • At 1:30 AM, Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain conclude their talks on the Sudetenland. Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler's demands, codified in the Godesberg Memorandum, personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects the demands, as does Chamberlain's own cabinet. The French Government also initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French army.
• September 26 – In a vitriolic speech at Berlin's Sportpalast, Hitler defies the world and implies war with Czechoslovakia will begin at any time.
• September 28 – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich. The Czechs themselves are not invited.
• September 29
  • Colonel Graham Christie, former British military attaché in Berlin, is told by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler that the mobilization of the Royal Navy has badly damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that Fall Grün is likely to cause a world war.
  • Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations, and is not a signatory to the agreement.
  • The Republic of Hatay is declared in Syria.
• September 30 – Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler, and declares "Peace for our time".

October[]

• October – The Imperial Japanese Army largely overruns Canton.
• October 1 – German troops march into the Sudetenland. The Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum, stating that Zaolzie region must be handed over within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply; Polish forces occupy Zaolzie.
• October 2
  • Tiberias massacre: Arab raiders murder 19 Jewish immigrants.
  • Disgusted with Neville Chamberlain's conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns his post as First Lord of the Admiralty. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government will receive a vote of confidence.
• October 3 – Production of the Jefferson nickel begins in the United States, replacing the buffalo nickel (last struck in April). The new nickel is released on November 15.^[3]
• October 4 – The Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War begin withdrawing their foreign volunteers from combat, as agreed on July 5.
• October 5
  • Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns.
  • Nuremberg Laws: In Nazi Germany, Jews' passports are invalidated, and those who need a passport for emigration purposes are given one marked with the letter J ("Jude" – "Jew").^[4]
• October 10 – The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.
• October 16 – Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat, and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.
• October 18 – The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who are forced to live in the no-man's land on the German-Polish frontier.
• October 21 – In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the "liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia" and the occupation of Memel.
• October 24
  • The minimum wage is established by law in the United States.
  • French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet carries out a major purge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, dismissing or exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such as Pierre Comert and René Massigli.
  • At a "friendly luncheon" in Berchtesgaden, German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop tells Józef Lipski, the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the Free City of Danzig must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial rights in the Polish Corridor, and that Poland must sign the Anti-Comintern Pact.
• October 27
  • DuPont announces a name for its new synthetic yarn: "nylon".
  • Jews with Polish citizenship are evicted from Nazi Germany.^[4]
• October 30 – Orson Welles' radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States.
• October 31 – Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a 15-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.

November[]

• November 1 – Horse racing: Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral by four lengths, in their famous match race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore.
• November 2 – Arising from The Munich Agreement, Hungary is "awarded" the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia.
• November 4 – At a public meeting in Epping, Winston Churchill narrowly survives an attempt by fellow Conservative and constituent Sir Colin Thornton-Kemsley to remove him from Parliament.^{[clarification needed]}
• November 7 – Ernst vom Rath, the Third Secretary at the German Embassy in Paris, is assassinated by Herschel Grynszpan.
• November 9 – Holocaust – Kristallnacht: In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).^[5]
• November 10
  • On the eve of Armistice Day, Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin's God Bless America for the first time on her weekly radio show.
  • İsmet İnönü becomes the second president of Turkey.
• November 11 – Celâl Bayar forms the new government of Turkey (10th government; Celal Bayar had served twice as a prime minister).
• November 12 – French Finance Minister Paul Reynaud brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French productivity (thus aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich), and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front.
• November 16
  • LSD is first synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergotamine, at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.^[6]
  • The Halifax Slasher mass hysteria "attack" incident is first reported in England.
• November 18 – Trade union members elect John L. Lewis, as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations in the United States.
• November 25 – French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet informs Léon Noël, the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.
• November 30
  • The Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.
  • Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano order "spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations, that lasts until March 1939.
  • Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, leader of the Romanian fascist Iron Guard, is murdered on the orders of King Carol II of Romania. Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard leaders are "shot while trying to escape".
  • A general strike is called in France by the French Communist Party, to protest the laws of November 12.

December[]

• December – President Roosevelt agrees to loan $25 million to Chiang Kai-shek, cementing the Sino-American relationship and angering the Japanese government.
• December 1 – Slovakia is granted the status of an autonomous state, under Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso.
• December 6 – German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet's alleged statement (he subsequently always denies making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939.
• December 11
  • Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election: The opposition gains votes but not seats.
  • Following elections in the Lithuanian city of Memel, the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over 90% of the votes.
• December 13 – The Neuengamme concentration camp opens near Hamburg.
• December 15 – The Netherlands closes its border to refugees.
• December 16
  • The cornerstone of the Voortrekker Monument is laid in Pretoria.
  • MGM releases its successful film version of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol.
• December 17 – Otto Hahn discovers the nuclear fission of uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear power, which marks the beginning of the Atomic Age.
• December 23 – A coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, is caught off the coast of South Africa, near the Chalumna River.
• December 27 – A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction worker dormitory site in Kurobe, Japan, killing 87.
• December 30 – The ballet Romeo and Juliet (with music by Prokofiev) receives its first full performance, at the Mahen Theatre in Brno, Czechoslovakia.

Date unknown[]

• Majlis Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya is established by Khalifat-ul Masih II, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
• In West Java, Daeng Soetigna tunes the traditional pentatonic angklung, to play the diatonic scale.
• Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year", as the most influential person of the year.
• The Walther P38 pistol is introduced in Germany.
• The Schomburgk's deer becomes extinct by this date.
• Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell execute the Ives–Stilwell experiment, showing that ions radiate at frequencies affected by their motion.^[7]
• Family plots produce 22% of all Soviet agricultural produce, on only 4% of all cultivated land.
• In Italy, women are limited by law to a maximum of 10% of the better-paying jobs in industry and government.

Births[]

January[]

• January 1
  • Argentina Apollo, Argentine professional wrestler (d. 1984)
  • Robert Jankel, British coachbuilder (d. 2005)
  • Frank Langella, American actor
  • Peter Gatkuoth, South Sudanese politician (d. 2010)
• January 2
  • Farouk El-Baz, Egyptian-American space scientist
  • Ian Brady, British serial killer (d. 2017)
  • Hans Herbjørnsrud, Norwegian author
  • Goh Kun, Korean politician, Mayor of Seoul and 31st Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (South Korea)
  • Bohumil Nemecek, Czechoslovakian Olympic boxer (d. 2010)
  • Dana Ulery, American computer scientist
• January 4 – Mohamed Rahmat, Malaysian politician (d. 2010)
• January 5
  • Elbert Howard, American civil rights activist, author (d. 2018)
  • King Juan Carlos I of Spain
  • Lindsay Crosby, American actress, singer (d. 1989)
• January 6 – Mario Rodríguez Cobos (aka "Silo"), Argentine author, spiritualist (d. 2010)
• January 7 – Roland Topor, French illustrator (d. 1997)
• January 8 – Bob Eubanks, American game show host
• January 9 – Gary Starkweather, American inventor
• January 10
  • Willie McCovey, American baseball player (d. 2018)
  • Donald Knuth, American mathematician, computer scientist
• January 11
  • Fischer Black, American economist (d. 1995)
  • Alastair Morton, British railway executive (d. 2004)
• January 12
  • Lewis Fiander, Australian actor
  • Noel McNamara, Australian justice campaigner, commentator
• January 13
  • Paavo Heininen, Finnish composer
  • Nachi Nozawa, Japanese voice actor (d. 2010)
  • Shivkumar Sharma, Indian musician
  • Daevid Allen, Australian musician (d. 2015)
• January 14
  • Morihiro Hosokawa, Japanese politician, 50th Prime Minister of Japan
  • Jack Jones, American singer, actor
  • Allen Toussaint, American musician, composer (d. 2015)
• January 17 – John Bellairs, American writer (d. 1991)
• January 16 – Michael Pataki, American character, voice actor (d. 2010)
• January 18
  • Curt Flood, American baseball player (d. 1997)
  • Stepan Topal, Moldovan politician (d. 2018)
• January 20 – Derek Dougan, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2007)
• January 21
  • Wolfman Jack, American disc-jockey, actor (d. 1995)
  • Jim Anderton, New Zealand politician (d. 2018)
• January 23 – Georg Baselitz, German painter, sculptor
• January 24 – Gyula Torok, Hungarian Olympic boxer (d. 2014)
• January 25
  • Etta James, American singer (d. 2012)
  • Shotaro Ishinomori, Japanese author, father of "Henshin Heroes" (d. 1998)
  • Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, poet and actor (d. 1980)
• January 27 – Raul Gil, Brazilian television presenter, singer
• January 28 – Tomas Lindahl, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
• January 29 – Shuji Tsurumi, Japanese men's artistic gymnast
• January 30 – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (d. 2016)
• January 31
  • Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
  • Lynn Carlin, American actress

February[]

• February 1 – Sherman Hemsley, African-American comedian, actor (d. 2012)
• February 2 – Max Alvis, American baseball player
• February 3 – Geoff Clayton, English cricketer (d. 2018)
• February 4 – Frank J. Dodd, American businessman, politician and president of the New Jersey Senate (d. 2010)
• February 8
  • Prentice Gautt, American football player (d. 2005)
  • Neila Sathyalingam, Singaporean classical Indian dancer, choreographer and instructor (d. 2017)
• February 10 – Judith Rich Harris, American psychology researcher, and author (d. 2018)
• February 11
  • Bevan Congdon, New Zealand cricketer
  • Mohammed Gammoudi, Tunisian Olympic athlete
  • Simone de Oliveira, Portuguese actress, singer
• February 12 – Judy Blume, American author
• February 13 – Oliver Reed, English actor (d. 1999)
• February 14 – Lee Chamberlin, African-American actress (d. 2014)
• February 16
  • Barry Primus, American actor
  • John Corigliano, American composer
• February 17 – Yvonne Romain, English actress
• February 18 – István Szabó, Hungarian film director
• February 19 – René Muñoz, Cuba-born actor, Mexico-based telenovela/film screenwriter (d. 2000)
• February 20 – Paul Archibald Vianney Ansah, Ghanaian politician
• February 23 – Sylvia Chase, American broadcast journalist (d. 2019)
• February 24
  • James Farentino, American actor (d. 2012)
  • Phil Knight, American sportswear entrepreneur
• February 25 – Herb Elliott, Australian runner
• February 27
  • Jake Thackray, English singer, songwriter (d. 2002)
  • Pascale Petit, French actress

March[]

• March 1 – Tufuga Efi, Samoa political figure, 3rd Prime Minister of Samoa and O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa
• March 2 – Ricardo Lagos Escobar, President of Chile
• March 4
  • Angus MacLise, American musician, occultist, calligrapher and drummer for The Velvet Underground (d. 1979)
  • Don Perkins, American football player
  • F. W. Bernstein, German poet, cartoonist, satirist and academic (d. 2018)
  • Paula Prentiss, American actress
• March 7
  • David Baltimore, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
  • Janet Guthrie, American race car driver
• March 8 – Bruno Pizzul, Italian sports journalist
• March 9 – Charles Siebert, American actor, director
• March 12 – Dumitru Fărcaș, Romanian tárogató player (d. 2018)
• March 13 – Erma Franklin, American singer (d. 2002)
• March 14 – Eleanor Bron, English actress
• March 17
  • Rudolf Nureyev, Russian-born dancer, choreographer (d. 1993)
  • Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Edinburgh (d. 2018)
  • Adolf Knoll, Austrian football player (d. 2018)
• March 18
  • Timo Mäkinen, Finnish racing driver (d. 2017)
  • Shashi Kapoor, Indian actor, director, and producer (d. 2017)
  • Charley Pride, African-American baseball player, country musician
• March 19 – Joe Kapp, American football player, coach
• March 21
  • Fritz Pleitgen, German television journalist, author
  • Luigi Tenco, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 1967)
• March 23 – Maynard Jackson, African-American mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (d. 2003)
• March 24 – David Irving, English historian, author
• March 25 – Hoyt Axton, American country music singer, songwriter and actor (d. 1999)
• March 26 – Anthony James Leggett, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
• March 30 – Klaus Schwab, German economist, founder of the World Economic Forum
• March 31
  • Arthur B. Rubinstein, American composer (d. 2018)
  • Joel Godard, American announcer

April[]

• April 1 – John Quade, American actor (d. 2009)
• April 2 – John Larsson, 17th General of The Salvation Army
• April 3 – Jeff Barry, American record producer, songwriter
• April 4
  • A. Bartlett Giamatti, American president of Yale University, baseball commissioner (d. 1989)
  • Norro Wilson, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2017)
• April 5
  • Marly Marley, Brazilian actress, vedette (d. 2014)
  • David Helwig, Canadian poet, novelist, and essayist (d. 2018)
• April 7
  • Jerry Brown, American politician, lawyer and Governor of California
  • Spencer Dryden, American rock drummer (Jefferson Airplane) (d. 2005)
  • Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2008)
  • Jerre Levy, American psychologist
• April 8 – Kofi Annan, Ghanaian Secretary-General of the United Nations, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2018)
• April 10
  • Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician (d. 2010)
  • Don Merh, American football player, broadcaster (d. 2010)
• April 11
  • Michael Deaver, American Deputy White House Chief of Staff in the Reagan Administration (d. 2007)
  • Kurt Moll, German bass
• April 12 – Roger Caron, Canadian author
• April 13 – Frederic Rzewski, American composer, pianist
• April 15
  • Jo Jo Benson, American R&B, soul singer (d. 2014)
  • Claudia Cardinale, Tunisian-born Italian actress
• April 16 – Kasdi Merbah, Algerian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Algeria (d. 1993)
• April 17 – Kerry Wendell Thornley, American counterculture figure, writer and co-founder of Discordianism (d. 1998)
• April 19
  • Stanko Poklepović, Croatian football player, manager (d. 2018)
  • Stanley Fish, American literary theorist, legal scholar
• April 20
  • Betty Cuthbert, Australian track athlete (d. 2017)
  • Daniel M. Buechlein, American prelate (d. 2018)
  • Tamási Eszter, Hungarian television announcer, actress (d. 1991)
• April 22
  • Alan Bond, English-born Australian businessman (d. 2015)
  • Issey Miyake, Japanese fashion designer
  • Adam Raphael, English journalist, or
• April 26
  • Giovanni Benvenuti, Italian Olympic boxer
  • Duane Eddy, American rock guitarist
  • Maurice Williams, African American doo-wop vocalist
• April 29 – Bernard Madoff, American financial fraudster
• April 30 – Larry Niven, American author

May[]

• May 2 – King Moshoeshoe II (d. 1996)
• May 4 – Tyrone Davis, American singer (d. 2005)
• May 8 – Alice Stewart Trillin, American educator, author and film producer (d. 2001)
• May 10 – Henry Fambrough, African-American singer (The Spinners)
• May 11 – Fritz-Albert Popp, German biophysicist
• May 12 – Luana Anders, American actress (d. 1996)
• May 13
  • Dumitru Fărcaș, Romanian tárogató player (d. 2018)
  • Francine Pascal, American novelist, playwright
  • Giuliano Amato, 48th Prime Minister of Italy
• May 15 – Diane Nash, American civil rights activist
• May 16 – Marco Aurelio Denegri, Peruvian linguist, intellectual and sexologist (d. 2018)
• May 17 – Jason Bernard, American actor (d. 1996)
• May 18 – Edwin Erickson, American politician (d. 2019)
• May 22
  • Richard Benjamin, American actor
  • Susan Strasberg, American actress (d. 1999)
• May 24 – Prince Buster, Jamaican singer-songwriter (d. 2016)
• May 26
  • William Bolcom, American composer, music arranger
  • Pauline Parker, New Zealand convicted murderer
  • Teresa Stratas, Canadian operatic soprano
• May 28
  • Ousmane Seck, Senegalese politician (d. 2018)
  • Jerry West, American basketball player, executive
• May 30 – Eugene Belliveau, Canadian football defensive lineman
• May 31
  • Johnny Paycheck, American country singer (d. 2003)
  • Peter Yarrow, American singer

June[]

• June 1 – Khawar Rizvi, Pakistani poet, scholar (d. 1981)
• June 2 – Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld, Princess of Sweden
• June 5 – Karin Balzer, German athlete
• June 6 – Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza, pretender to the Brazilian throne
• June 7 – Goose Gonsoulin, American football player
• June 8 – Mack Vickery, American musician (d. 2004)
• June 11 – Leif Axmyr, Swedish criminal, murderer (d. 2018)
• June 12 – Tom Oliver, Australian actor
• June 14 – Shelby Stephenson, American poet
• June 15 – Billy Williams, American baseball player
• June 16 – James Bolam, British actor
• June 19
  • Wahoo McDaniel, American football player, professional wrestler (d. 2002)
  • Ian Smith, Australian actor
• June 21
  • Ron Ely, American actor (Tarzan)
  • Mario Minieri, Italian professional road bicycle racer
  • Celia Rodriguez, Filipina actress
  • Rosemary S. Pooler, U.S. federal judge
• June 22 – Octavian Vintilă, Romanian fencer
• June 23
  • Dick Cochran, American track athlete
  • Roger Davis, former professional American football player
  • John Gerovich, Australian rules footballer
  • Charles McDew, American civil rights activist (d. 2018)
  • Alan Vega, American rock singer, musician (Suicide) (d. 2016)
• June 24
  • Boris Lagutin, Soviet boxer
  • Edoardo Vianello, Italian singer, composer and actor
  • Lawrence Block, American crime write
  • Charles Howerton, American actor
  • Abulfaz Elchibey, Azerbaijani political figure, 2nd President of Azerbaijan (d. 2000)
• June 25
  • Cecilia Kadzamira, First Lady of Malawi
  • Paul Dijoud, ex-minister of state for Monaco
  • Giampiero Littera, Italian actor
  • Enver Yulgushov, Russian professional football player, coach
  • Augusto Barbera, Italian judge, former constitutional law professor
  • James Feast, British chemical scientist, academic
  • Mick Allen, Australian rower
• June 26
  • Maria Velho da Costa, Portuguese writer
  • Gene Gaines, American football (soccer) player
  • Ken Monteith, Canadian politician
• June 27
  • Kathryn Beaumont, English actress, voice actress, singer and school teacher
  • Ene Riisna, Estonian-American television producer
  • Jake Crouthamel, American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator
  • Bob Baxt, Australian lawyer
• June 28
  • Peter Čeferin, Slovenian attorney
  • Sergio Silvagni, Australian rules footballer
  • John Byner, American actor, comedian, and impressionist
  • Simon Douglas-Pennant, 7th Baron Penrhyn, British baron
• June 29
  • Peter Wollen, British film theorist, filmmaker
  • Herbert Polzhuber, Austrian fencer, modern pentathlete
  • József Gelei, Hungarian former professional football player, manager
  • Giampaolo Menichelli, Italian footballer, who played as a winger
• June 30
  • Billy Mills, American Olympic athlete
  • Mirko Novosel, Croatian basketball player, referee and coach
  • Michael Nudelman, Israeli politician (d. 2019)
  • Gene Prebola, American football tight end

July[]

• July 1
  • Ilana Karaszyk, Israeli Olympic runner, long jumper
  • Susan Maughan, English singer
  • Diane Ravitch, American education historian, educational policy analyst
  • Durai Murugan, Indian lawyer, politician
  • Hariprasad Chaurasia, Indian classical flutist
  • Dick Rutan, American aviator who piloted the Voyager
• July 2
  • C. Kumar N. Patel, Indian electrical engineer
  • Don Choate, American former professional baseball player
  • Joseph Anthony Galante, American prelate
  • Frank G. Wisner, American businessman, former diplomat
• July 3
  • Ron Fogg, English former professional footballer
  • Franklin Delano Roosevelt III, American economist, academic
  • Sjaak Swart, Dutch footballer
  • Bolo Yeung, Hong Kong actor
• July 4
  • Bill Withers, African-American singer, songwriter (Lean on Me)
  • Cyril Mitchley, South African cricket player, umpire and match referee
  • Ernie Pieterse, South African racing driver
  • John Sterling, American sportscaster
• July 5
  • Vera Oelschlegel, German singer, actress, artistic director, drama director and professor of drama
  • Warren Livingston, American football cornerback
  • Paul Van Riper, United States Marine Corps officer
  • James Bond, British motorcycle speedway rider
• July 6
  • Manny Mashouf, Iranian-American businessman, philanthropist
  • Tony Lewis, English cricketer
  • Uli Maslo, German football player, manager
  • Oleh Bazylevych, Ukrainian footballer, football (soccer) coach, and sport administrator
  • Stuart Young, English cricketer
  • Luana Patten, American film actress (d. 1996)
• July 7
  • Ray Gripper, Rhodesian cricketer
  • Ponatshego Kedikilwe, Botswana politician
• July 8
  • Andrey Myagkov, Soviet/Russian film, theater actor
  • Roger Palin, Royal Air Force commander
  • Bill Spanswick, American professional baseball player
  • Paul Cronin, Australian actor
  • Vojtech Masný, Slovak football player
  • Justin Leiber, American philosopher, science fiction writer (d. 2016)
• July 9
  • Faanya Rose, British-American businesswoman, conservationist, philanthropist, and explorer
  • Liya Akhedzhakova, Russian actress
  • Brian Dennehy, American actor
  • Robert Fields, American actor
• July 10
  • Vera Shebeko, Russian anchorwoman
  • David Hugh Mellor, English philosopher
  • Julio Londoño Paredes, Colombian Army Lieutenant Colonel, diplomat
  • Tura Satana, Japanese-born American actress (d. 2011)
• July 11
  • Ted Schreiber, American former professional baseball player
  • Jiří Krampol, Czech actor
• July 12
  • Lin Shllaku, Albanian footballer
  • Matt Ravlich, Canadian ice hockey defenceman
  • Stanley Meads, New Zealand rugby union footballer
  • Wieger Mensonides, Dutch swimmer
• July 13 – Thomas Savundaranayagam, Sri Lanka Tamil priest, former Roman Catholic Bishop of Jaffna
• July 14
  • Lillian Malkina, Soviet, Russian actress
  • Tommy Vig, Hungarian composer, arranger and vibraphonist
• July 15
  • Enrique Figuerola, Cuban sprinter
  • Pilot Baba, Indian Air Force fighter pilot, later guru
• July 16
  • Cynthia Enloe, American feminist writer, theorist, and professor
  • Colin Rice, Australian rules footballer
• July 17 – Salah Omar al-Ali, Iraqi politician
• July 18
  • Valery Kerdemelidi, Russian artistic gymnast
  • Hampton Fancher, American actor
  • Britt Leach, American character actor
  • Ian Stewart, Scottish rock musician (The Rolling Stones) (d. 1985)
  • Paul Verhoeven, Dutch film director
• July 19
  • Sergio Martino, Italian film director, producer
  • Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist
• July 20
  • David Pratt, English cricketer
  • Roger Hunt, English footballer
  • Diana Rigg, English actress (The Avengers)
  • Natalie Wood, American actress (d. 1981)
• July 21
  • Dale Hackbart, American football defensive back
  • Vladimir Radionov, Russian football player, coach and official
  • Janet Reno, American lawyer, U.S. Attorney General under Bill Clinton (d. 2016)
• July 22 – Mark Rakita, Soviet-era Russian sabreur, coach
• July 23
  • Juliet Anderson, American actress (d. 2010)
  • Ronny Cox, American actor
  • Bert Newton, Australian actor, television show host
  • Götz George, German actor (d. 2016)
• July 24 – Eugene J. Martin, American painter, artist (d. 2005)
• July 27 – Gary Gygax, American author, game designer (d. 2008)
• July 28
  • Luis Aragonés, Spanish football player, manager (d. 2014)
  • Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru
• July 29
  • Anthony Joseph Burgess, Papua New Guinean Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2013)
  • Peter Jennings, Canadian-born television news reporter (d. 2005)
  • Christopher Gibbs, British antiques dealer (d. 2018)
• July 30 – Michael Bell, American actor, voice actor, director and animal-rights activist

August[]

• August 1
  • Edward Sokoine, 2nd Prime Minister of Tanzania (d. 1984)
  • Noble Villeneuve, Canadian politician (d. 2018)
• August 3
  • Sir Terry Wogan, Irish-British radio broadcaster, television presenter/personality (d. 2016)
  • Emilia Carranza, Mexican actress
• August 4 – Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond, Zairian politician (d. 2003)
• August 6 – Paul Bartel, American actor, writer and director (d. 2000)
• August 7
  • Verna Bloom, American actress (d. 2019)
  • Dewi Bebb, Welsh rugby union player (d. 1996)
• August 8
  • Otto Rehhagel, German football player, manager
  • Marcia Lewis, American actress, singer (d. 2010)
  • Connie Stevens, American actress, singer and businesswoman
• August 9
  • Michèle Girardon, French actress (d. 1975)
  • Leonid Kuchma, President of Ukraine
  • Rod Laver, Australian tennis player
• August 10 – Grit Boettcher, German actress
• August 12 – Paul Craft, American singer, songwriter (d. 2014)
• August 13 – Bill Masterton, Canadian–American ice hockey player (d. 1968)
• August 15
  • Stephen Breyer, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
  • Janusz Zajdel, Polish writer (d. 1985)
• August 16
  • Emmanuel Rakotovahiny, 8th Prime Minister of Madagascar
  • Cosimo Nocera, Italian footballer (d. 2012)
• August 18 – Orestes Quércia, Brazilian politician (d. 2010)
• August 19
  • Diana Muldaur, American actress
  • Valentin Mankin, Ukrainian Soviet sailor, Olympic triple champion and silver medalist (d. 2014)
• August 20 – Alain Vivien, French politician
• August 21 – Kenny Rogers, American country singer
• August 22 – Paul Maguire, American football player
• August 24
  • Halldór Blöndal, Icelandic politician
  • David Freiberg, American musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service and Jefferson Starship)
• August 26 – Susan Harrison, American actress
• August 25 – Iris Falcam, American-Micronesian librarian, researcher and public servant (d. 2010)
• August 28
  • Maurizio Costanzo, Italian television news reporter
  • Paul Martin, 21st Prime Minister of Canada
• August 29
  • Elliott Gould, American actor
  • Robert Rubin, American banker, 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury
• August 31 – Martin Bell, British journalist and politician

September[]

• September 1 – Per Kirkeby, Danish artist
• September 2
  • Clarence Felder, American actor
  • Giuliano Gemma, Italian actor (d. 2013)
  • Mary Jo Catlett, American actress
• September 3 – Ryōji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• September 6 – Dennis Oppenheim, American artist (d. 2011)
• September 8 – Kenichi Horie, Japanese adventurer
• September 10
  • David Hamilton, British radio, TV personality
  • Tomasi Puapua, Tuvaluan politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Tuvalu and 6th Governor-General of Tuvalu
• September 13
  • Angus Alan Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton/12th Duke of Brandon (d. 2010)
  • John Smith, Scottish politician (d. 1994)
• September 15
  • Sylvia Moy, American musician (d. 2017)
  • Gaylord Perry, American baseball player
• September 18 – Poornachandra Tejaswi, Kannada writer (d. 2007)
• September 22 – Gene Mingo, American football player
• September 23
  • Tom Lester, American actor, evangelist
  • Romy Schneider, Austrian actress (d. 1982)
• September 25
  • Celestino Rocha da Costa, 2nd Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (d. 2010)
  • Jonathan Motzfeldt, Prime Minister of Greenland (d. 2010)
  • Kim Ji-young, South Korean actress (d. 2017)
• September 28 – Ben E. King, African-American singer, songwriter (d. 2015)
• September 29 – Wim Kok, Dutch politician, 48th Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1994 until 2002 (d. 2018)

October[]

• October 1 – Stella Stevens, American actress, model
• October 3
  • Eddie Cochran, American rock and roll singer (d. 1960)
  • Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Peruvian entrepreneur and politician, 66th President of Peru
  • Joseph F. Timilty, American politician (d. 2017)
• October 4 – Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• October 5 – Johnny Duncan, American country music singer (d. 2006)
• October 8 – Bronislovas Lubys, 5th Prime Minister of Lithuania (d. 2011)
• October 9
  • Denzil Davies, British politician (d. 2018)
  • Heinz Fischer, Austrian politician
• October 13 – Christiane Hörbiger, Austrian television, film actress
• October 14
  • Farah Diba, Empress of Iran
  • Ron Lancaster, Canadian Football League quarterback, coach (d. 2008)
• October 15 – Fela Kuti, Nigerian musician, activist (d. 1997)
• October 16
  • Carl Gunter Jr., Louisiana State Representative (d. 1999)
  • Nico, German-American singer (d. 1988)
• October 17 – Evel Knievel, American motorcycle daredevil (d. 2007)
• October 18 – Dawn Wells, American actress (Gilligan's Island)
• October 20 – Iain Macmillan, British Abbey Road photographer (d. 2006)
• October 22 – Christopher Lloyd, American actor
• October 23 – John Heinz, U.S. Senator (d. 1991)
• October 25 – Claude Minière, French essayist, poet
• October 28 – Anne Perry, English-born novelist
• October 29
  • Ralph Bakshi, Israeli cartoonist, film director, and video producer
  • Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 24th President of Liberia
• October 30 – Ed Lauter, American actor (d. 2013)

November[]

• November 2
  • Pat Buchanan, American conservative political operative, journalist, pundit and one-time presidential candidate
  • David Lane, American white nationalist (d. 2007)
  • Queen Sofía of Spain
• November 3
  • Frank McKinney, American competition swimmer (d. 1992)
  • Terrence McNally, American playwright, librettist, and screenwriter (Ragtime, Kiss of the Spider Woman)
• November 4 – LeRoy Fjordbotten, Canadian politician (d. 2017)
• November 5
  • Enéas Carneiro, Brazilian politician (d. 2007)
  • Joe Dassin, French singer (d. 1980)
  • Ionatana Ionatana, 5th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. 2000)
  • César Luis Menotti, Argentine football coach
• November 6
  • Mack Jones, American baseball player (d. 2004)
  • Branko Mikasinovich, Serbian-American journalist
• November 10 – Michael Schultz, American film director, producer
• November 11 – Ants Antson, Estonian speed skater (d. 2015)
• November 12 – Benjamin Mkapa, 3rd President of Tanzania
• November 13 – Jean Seberg, American actress (d. 1979)
• November 16 – Robert Nozick, American philosopher (d. 2002)
• November 17 – Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian folk singer
• November 18
  • Ahmad Obeidat, Prime Minister of Jordan
  • Norbert Ratsirahonana, 9th Prime Minister of Madagascar
• November 19 – Ted Turner, American entrepreneur
• November 22 – Maynard Troyer, American race car driver, race chassis engineer (d. 2018)
• November 24
  • Oscar Robertson, American basketball player
  • Charles Starkweather, American spree killer (d. 1959)
• November 26 – Porter J. Goss, American politician, Central Intelligence Agency director

December[]

• December 2 – Luis Artime, Argentine footballer
• December 4
  • Andre V. Marrou, American presidential candidate
  • Yvonne Minton, Australian soprano
• December 5
  • J. J. Cale, American singer-songwriter, guitarist (d. 2013)
  • J. D. McDuffie, American race car driver (d. 1991)
• December 8
  • Ken Delo, American singer (d. 2016)
  • John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor, President of Ghana
• December 11 – T. S. R. Subramanian, Indian politician (d. 2018)
• December 13 – Heino, German singer
• December 15
  • Billy Shaw, American football player
  • Juan Carlos Wasmosy, 48th President of Paraguay
• December 16
  • Frank Deford, American sportswriter (d. 2017)
  • Liv Ullmann, Norwegian actress
  • Jimmie Lee Jackson, American civil rights activist (d. 1965)
• December 17
  • Carlo Little, British drummer (d. 2005)
  • Peter Snell, New Zealand athlete
• December 18 – Roger E. Mosley, African-American actor
• December 20 – John Harbison, American composer
• December 22
  • Brian Locking, English bassist (The Shadows)
  • Sylvester Potts, American singer (d. 2017)
• December 23 – Bob Kahn, American Internet pioneer
• December 24 – Bobby Henrich, American baseball player
• December 25 – Duane Armstrong, American painter
• December 28
  • Charles Neville, American R&B and jazz musician (d. 2018)
  • Lagumot Harris, Nauruan politician, President (d. 1999)
• December 29 – Jon Voight, American actor

Date unknown[]

• Michael Leader, British actor (d. 2016)
• Yusuf Lodhi, Pakistani or, cartoonist (d. 1996)

Deaths[]

January[]

• January 1 – George H. Collin, American politician (b. 1856)
• January 2 – Henry Victor Deligny, French general (b. 1855)
• January 3 – Arturo Berutti, Argentinian composer (b. 1862)
• January 4 – Paola Drigo, Italian novelist, writer (b. 1876)
• January 5 – Karel Baxa, Czechoslovakian politician (b. 1863)
• January 8
  • Johnny Gruelle, American cartoonist, children's book author (b. 1880)
  • Christian Rohlfs, German painter (b. 1849)
• January 10 – William McCall, American actor (b. 1870)
• January 11
  • Juan de la Cierva y Peñafiel, Spanish lawyer, politician (b. 1864)
  • Isidore Konti, Austrian-born Hungarian sculptor (b. 1862)
• January 17 – Vladimir Beneshevich, Soviet scholar, martyr (b. 1874)
• January 20 – Émile Cohl, French caricaturist, animator (b. 1857)
• January 21 – Georges Méliès, French film director (b. 1861)
• January 22 – Sergei Buturlin, Soviet ornithologist (b. 1872)
• January 23 – J. P. Dahlen, Swedish worker, politician (b. 1881)
• January 24 – Rosamond Pinchot, American socialite, actress (b. 1904)
• January 28 – Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver (b. 1909)
• January 29 – Armando Palacio Valdés, Spanish writer (b. 1853)
• January 31 – Marcella Cosgrave, Irish nationalist leader (b. 1873)

February[]

• February 6 – George Auriol, French poet (b. 1863)
• February 7 – Harvey Firestone, American tire manufacturer (b. 1868)
• February 8
  • Mikhail Batorsky, Soviet komkor (b. 1890)
  • Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark (b. 1872)
• February 9 – Arturo Caprotti, Italian engineer, architect (b. 1881)
• February 10 – Richard A. Whiting, American composer (b. 1890)
• February 11 – Kazimierz Twardowski, Polish philosopher, logician (b. 1866)
• February 16 – Hal De Forrest, Portuguese-born American actor (b. 1862)
• February 17 – T. D. Crittenden, American actor (b. 1878)
• February 18
  • David King Udall, American politician (b. 1851)
  • Leopoldo Lugones, Argentine writer, journalist (b. 1874)
• February 19 – Edmund Landau, German mathematician (b. 1877)
• February 21 – Matvei Petrovich Bronstein, Soviet physicist (b. 1906)

March[]

• March 1 – Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician (b. 1863)
• March 2
  • William Blomfield, New Zealand cartoonist (b. 1866)
  • Ben Harney, American composer, pianist (b. 1871)
• March 7 – Andreas Michalakopoulos, Greek politician, 47th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1876)
• March 10 – Ahn Changho, Korean independence activist (b. 1878)
• March 12 – Lyda Roberti, Polish actress (b. 1906)
• March 13
  • Cevat Çobanlı, Ottoman military commander, Turkish army officer (b. 1870)
  • Clarence Darrow, American attorney (b. 1857)
• March 15
  • Alexei Rykov, Premier of Russia and the Soviet Union (b. 1881)
  • Nikolai Bukharin, Soviet politician (b. 1888)
• March 18 – Lidia Charskaya, Soviet actress, writer (b. 1875)
• March 19 – Magzhan Zhumabayev, Soviet writer, pedagogue (b. 1893)
• March 20
  • Martin Burrell, Canadian politician (b. 1858)
  • Aleksandar Malinov, 17th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1867)
• March 21 – Oscar Apfel, American actor, director (b. 1878)
• March 26 – Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Indian writer, dramatist, novelist, poet and or (b. 1864)
• March 27 – William Stern, German psychologist, philosopher (b. 1871)
• March 29 – Marcel Bloch, Swiss aviator (b. 1890)

April[]

• April 1 – Louis-Henri Foreau, French painter (b. 1866)
• April 5 – Reine Davies, American actress (b. 1886)
• April 6 – Khoren I of Armenia, Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church and patriarch (b. 1873)
• April 8 – Joe "King" Oliver, American jazz musician (b. 1885)
• April 9 – Manuel Carrasco Formiguera, Spanish lawyer, politician (b. 1890)
• April 12 – Feodor Chaliapin, Soviet bass (b. 1873)
• April 14 – Gillis Grafström, Swedish figure skater (b. 1893)
• April 15 – César Vallejo, Peruvian poet (b. 1892)
• April 16 – Steve Bloomer, English footballer (b. 1874)
• April 21
  • Sultan Majid Afandiyev, Soviet revolutionary, statesman (b. 1887)
  • Allama Iqbal, Indian philosopher, poet (b. 1877)
• April 24 – George Grey Barnard, American sculptor (b. 1863)
• April 25 – Aleksander Świętochowski, Polish writer (b. 1849)
• April 26 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (b. 1859)

May[]

• May 4 – Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1889)
• May 6 – Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, British politician and Governor General of Canada (b. 1868)
• May 7 – Octavian Goga, 37th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1881)
• May 9 – Thomas B. Thrige, Danish industrialist (b. 1866)
• May 10 – Benjamin Abrahão Botto, Brazilian photographer (b. 1890)
• May 13 – Charles Édouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
• May 14
  • Miguel Cabanellas, Spanish army officer (b. 1872)
  • Aaron Daggett, American general during the American Civil War (b. 1837)
• May 15 – Cao Kun, 6th President of the Republic of China (b. 1862)
• May 16
  • Fred Baker, American physician (b. 1854)
  • Sir Lewis Bayly, British admiral (b. 1857)
  • Ivan Mrkvička, Czechoslovakian-born Bulgarian painter (b. 1856)
• May 18 – Mikhail Babushkin, Soviet polar aviator (b. 1893)
• May 22 – William Glackens, American painter (b. 1870)
• May 23 – Frederick Ruple, American painter (b. 1871)
• May 25 – Rafael Colliander, Finnish journalist, politician (b. 1870)
• May 26 – John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (b. 1857)
• May 29 – Miguel Fleta, Spanish tenor (b. 1897)

June[]

• June 3 – Carrie Langston Hughes, African-American writer and actress (b. 1873)
• June 3 – Tulio Febres Cordero, Venezuelan writer, journalist (b. 1860)
• June 4 – Oscar Bystrom, Swedish actor (b. 1857)
• June 7 – Jenő Dsida, Hungarian poet, translator (b. 1907)
• June 9 – John Broadbent, British army officer, politician (b. 1872)
• June 15 – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, German painter (b. 1880)
• June 17 – George E. Barnett, American economist (b. 1873)
• June 19 – María Obligado de Soto y Calvo, Argentinian painter (b. 1857)
• June 21 – Mathilde Comont, French-born American actress (b. 1886)
• June 23
  • Clement Edwards, British lawyer, journalist and activist (b. 1869)
  • William Gillespie, British actor (b. 1894)
• June 24 – C. Yarnall Abbott, American photographer, painter (b. 1870)
• June 25 – Edith Anne Stoney, Irish physicist (b. 1869)
• June 26 – James Weldon Johnson, American author, politician, and diplomat (b. 1871)
• June 29
  • Shlomo Ben-Yosef, Israeli Zionist leader (b. 1913)
  • Frederick William Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (b. 1856)

July[]

• July 1 – Carrie Daumery, Dutch-born American actress (b. 1863)
• July 2 – John James Burnet, British architect (b. 1857)
• July 4
  • Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic politician (b. 1881)
  • Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis champion (b. 1899)
  • Archibald Berkeley Milne, British admiral (b. 1855)
• July 9 – Benjamin N. Cardozo, United States Supreme Court Justice (b. 1870)
• July 14 – Abel Adams, Finnish producer (b. 1879)
• July 17 – Robert Wiene, German director (b. 1873)
• July 19 – Harvey Clark, American actor (b. 1885)
• July 20 – George Martley Davis, Australian politician (b. 1860)
• July 24 – Pedro Figari, Uruguay, painter, writer and politician (b. 1861)
• July 25
  • Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1853)
  • Kōsaku Hamada, Japanese academic, archaeologist and author (b. 1881)
• July 27 – Tom Crean, Irish seaman, Antarctic explorer (b. 1877)
• July 28
  • Yakov Alksnis, Soviet aviator, commander of Red Army Air Forces (executed) (b. 1897)
  • Yakov Davydov, Soviet general (b. 1888)

August[]

• August 1 – Edmund Charles Tarbell, American artist (b. 1862)
• August 2 – Edmund Dunggan, Irish-born Australian actor (b. 1862)
• August 4 – Pearl White, American actress (b. 1889)
• August 6 – Warner Oland, Swedish actor (b. 1879)
• August 7 – Konstantin Stanislavsky, Soviet theatre practitioner (b. 1863)
• August 9
  • W. W. Conner, American politician (b. 1882)
  • Leo Frobenius, German ethnologist, archaeologist and Africanist (b. 1873)
• August 12 – Peter David Edstrom, American sculptor (b. 1873)
• August 14 – Hugh Trumble, Australian test cricketer (b. 1876)
• August 16
  • Sergey Aydarov, Soviet actor (b. 1867)
  • Robert Johnson, American blues singer (b. 1911)
• August 21 – Tomasz Dąbal, Polish activist (b. 1890)
• August 22 – Eduard Lepin, Latvian-born Soviet general (b. 1889)
• August 23
  • Carlos Echandi, Costa Rican surgeon (b. 1900)
  • Frank Hawks, American aviator (b. 1897)
• August 26 – Teodor Axentowicz, Polish-born Soviet painter (b. 1859)
• August 29 – Béla Kun, Hungarian Communist leader (b. 1886)

September[]

• September 1 – Nikolai Bryukhanov, Soviet statesman, political figure and People's Commissar of Finances (b. 1878)
• September 3 – Gustav Adolf Closs, German illustrator, painter (b. 1864)
• September 6 – Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg, Prince of Asturias, former heir apparent to the throne of Spain (b. 1907)
• September 8 – Cecilio Apostol, Filipino poet, laurate (b. 1877)
• September 10 – Andrew Breen, American Roman Catholic priest and reverend (b. 1863)
• September 12
  • Prince Arthur of Connaught (b. 1883)
  • Robert L. Bacon, American politician (b. 1884)
• September 15
  • Yannoulis Chalepas, Greek sculptor (b. 1851)
  • Thomas Wolfe, American author (b. 1900)
• September 16
  • Herman Baltia, Belgian general (b. 1863)
  • Valerie Bergere, French-born American actress (b. 1867)
• September 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (b. 1901)
• September 19 – Pauline Frederick, American actress (b. 1883)
• September 20 – Maria Teresa of St. Joseph, German Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1855)
• September 21
  • Andrew Arbuckle, American actor (b. 1887)
  • Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Yugoslav writer (b. 1874)
• September 23
  • Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne, French engineer, mathematician (b. 1862)
  • Aurelio Giorni, Italian composer, pianist (b. 1895)
• September 24 – Silouan the Athonite, Soviet Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1866)
• September 25
  • Paul Olaf Bodding, Norwegian missionary to India, creator of the Santali Latin alphabet (b. 1865)
  • Anna Laurens Dawes, American author, suffragist (b. 1851)
• September 28 – Con Conrad, American composer (b. 1891)

October[]

• October 2 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier, politician and 24th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1859)
• October 3 – Richard Teller Crane II, American diplomat (b. 1882)
• October 4 – José Luis Tejada Sorzano, Bolivian lawyer, politician and 40th President of Bolivia (b. 1882)
• October 5
  • Faustina Kowalska, Polish nun and saint, the Secretary of Divine Mercy (b. 1905)
  • Albert Ranft, Swedish theatre director, actor (b. 1858)
• October 12 – Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia (b. 1876)
• October 13 – E. C. Segar, American comics artist (Popeye) (b. 1894)
• October 14 – Charles Dalmas, French architect (b. 1863)
• October 17
  • Eshref Frasheri, Albanian politician (b. 1874)
  • Karl Kautsky, Austrian Marxist theoretician (b. 1854)
• October 19
  • Niño Fidencio, Mexican Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1898)
  • Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi of Japan (b. 1897)
• October 22
  • Chrysostomos I of Athens, Greek priest, metropolitan (b. 1868)
  • May Irwin, Canadian actress, singer (b. 1862)
• October 24
  • Ernst Barlach, German sculptor, poet (b. 1870)
  • Gilbert Greenall, 1st Baron Daresbury, British businessman (b. 1867)
• October 25
  • Raoul Bensaude, French physician (b. 1866)
  • Alfonsina Storni, Argentine poet (b. 1892)
• October 27
  • Lascelles Abercrombie, British poet, critic (b. 1881)
  • Alma Gluck, American soprano (b. 1884)
• October 28
  • Ramón Franco, Spanish aviation pioneer (b. 1896)
  • Fred Kohler, American actor (b. 1888)
• October 30 – Robert Woolsey, American film comedian (b. 1888)
• October 31
  • Sakari Ainali, Finnish farmer, businessman and politician (b. 1874)
  • Jean Degoutte, French general, leader of World War I (b. 1866)

November[]

• November 1 – Charles Weeghman, American restaurateur, owner of Chicago Cubs (b. 1874)
• November 4 – Samuel W. Bryant, American admiral (b. 1877)
• November 7 – Prince Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1903)
• November 9
  • Vasily Blyukher, Soviet military commander (b. 1889)
  • Ernst vom Rath, German diplomat (b. 1909)
• November 10 – Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1st Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st President of Turkey (b. 1881)
• November 14 – William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp, British politician and colonial governor (b. 1872)
• November 16 – James Barr, American physician (b. 1849)
• November 17 – Kaarlo Castren, Finnish politician, 4th Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1860)
• November 20
  • Arthur Elliott, South African photographer (b. 1870)
  • Maud of Wales, Queen of Haakon VII of Norway (b. 1869)
• November 22 – Sahachiro Hata, Japanese bacteriologist (b. 1873)
• November 25 – Otto von Lossow, Bavarian, German general (b. 1868)
• November 30 – Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Romanian fascist, leader of the Iron Guard (executed along other Guard activists) (b. 1899)

December[]

• December 2 – Thomas Octavius Callender, British engineer, businessman (b. 1855)
• December 3 – Félix Córdova Dávila, Puerto Rican political figure (b. 1878)
• December 4 – Gonzalo Bilbao, Spanish painter (b. 1860)
• December 7 – Anna Marie Hahn, German-born American serial killer (b. 1907)
• December 10 – Paul Morgan, Austrian actor (b. 1886)
• December 11 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1869)
• December 14 – Maurice Emmanuel, French composer (b. 1862)
• December 15
  • Antonio Rafael Barcelo, Puerto Rican lawyer, businessman and politician (b. 1868)
  • Valery Chkalov, Soviet test pilot (b. 1904)
• December 16 – Ed Davis, American criminal (b. 1900)
• December 20 – Annie Armstrong, American missionary leader (b. 1850)
• December 24 – Bruno Taut, German architect, urban planner (b. 1880)
• December 25
  • Karel Čapek, Czech author (b. 1890)
  • Richard Henry Cummings, American actor (b. 1858)
  • Theodor Fischer, German archicture (b. 1862)
• December 27
  • Calvin Bridges, American scientist (b. 1889)
  • Osip Mandelstam, Soviet poet (b. 1891)
• December 28 – Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (b. 1886)
• December 29 – Eugenia de Reuss Ianculescu, Romanian teacher, writer and activist (b. 1866)
• December 31 – Lucien Grant Berry, American general (b. 1863)

Date unknown[]

• Harry Grant Dart, American cartoonist (b. 1869)

Nobel Prizes[]

• Physics – Enrico Fermi
• Chemistry – Richard Kuhn
• Physiology or Medicine – Corneille Jean François Heymans
• Literature – Pearl S. Buck
• Peace – Nansen International Office for Refugees, Geneva

References[]

External links[]

• 1938 WWII Timeline
• The 1930s Timeline: 1938 – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
• 1938 Coin Pictures
• 1938 – “The Fateful Year” for the Jews in Nazi Germany - About the Holocaust- Yad Vashem