This article is about the year 1928.
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1928 by topic
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1928 (MCMXXVIII ) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar , the 1928th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 928th year of the 2nd millennium , the 28th year of the 20th century , and the 9th year of the 1920s decade.
1928
Events [ ]
January [ ]
February [ ]
March [ ]
April [ ]
April 10 – Pineapple Primary : The United States Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by violence, bombings and assassination attempts (two politicians are killed, Octavius C. Granady and Giuseppe Esposito).
April 12 – A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in Milan kills 17 bystanders.
April 13 – The West Plains, Missouri Dance Hall explosion occurs.[8]
April 12 –14 – The first ever east–west transatlantic flight by aeroplane takes place from Dublin , Ireland, to Greenly Island, Canada , using the German Junkers W 33 Bremen .
April 14 – Two earthquakes in Chirpan and Plovdiv , Bulgaria destroy more than 21,000 buildings, and kill almost 130 people.
April 19 – The last section ("wise – wyze") of the original Oxford English Dictionary is completed and published.[9]
April 22 – An Ms 6.0 earthquake affects southern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent ), leaving 20 dead, and destroying 3,000 homes in Corinth ; a non-destructive tsunami is also observed.
April 28 – 28 inches of snow fall in southern-central Pennsylvania.[10]
May [ ]
May 31 – South Africa adopts a new national flag, based upon the Van Riebeeck flag or Prinsevlag (originally the Dutch flag), to replace the Red Ensign .
June [ ]
July [ ]
August [ ]
August 2 – Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty .
August 16 – Serial killer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, D.C., for burglary. According to his confession, "In my lifetime I have murdered 21 human beings, I have committed thousands of burglaries, robberies, larcenies, arsons and, last but not least, I have committed sodomy on more than 1,000 male human beings. For all these things I am not in the least bit sorry."
August 22 – Al Smith accepts the Democratic presidential nomination, with WGY/W2XB simulcasting the event on radio and television.
August 25 – Ahmet Zogu proclaims himself King Zog of Albania ; he is crowned September 1 .
August 26 – In Scotland, May Donoghue finds the remains of a snail in her ginger beer , leading to the landmark negligence case Donoghue v Stevenson .[15]
August 27 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact is signed in Paris, the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.
August 29 – C.D. Motagua is founded as an association football club in Honduras .
August 31 – The Threepenny Opera (German: Die Dreigroschenoper ), by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill , opens at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm , Berlin.
September [ ]
October [ ]
November [ ]
December [ ]
Date unknown [ ]
Births [ ]
January [ ]
January 1
January 2
January 3
January 5
January 6
January 7
January 8
January 9
January 10 – Philip Levine , American poet (d. 2015 )
January 11
January 13 – Bengt Gustavsson , Swedish footballer, manager (d. 2017 )
January 14
January 15 – Joanne Linville , American actress
January 16
January 17
January 18 – Terence Higgins, Baron Higgins , English politician and athlete
January 20 – Peter Donat , Canadian-American actor (d. 2018 )
January 21
January 22 – Birch Bayh , American politician (d. 2019 )
January 23 – Jeanne Moreau , French actress (d. 2017 )
January 24
January 25
January 26 – Roger Vadim , French film director (d. 2000 )
January 27 – Hans Modrow , East German Premier
January 28 – Jorge Zorreguieta , Argentine businessman, politician (d. 2017 )
January 30 – Harold Prince , American stage producer, director (d. 2019 )
January 31 – Miltinho , Brazilian singer (d. 2014 )
February [ ]
February 1
February 2 – Ciriaco De Mita , Italian politician
February 3 – Frankie Vaughan , British singer (d. 1999 )
February 4 – Kim Yong-nam , North Korean politician
February 5 – William J. Larkin Jr. , American politician (d. 2019 )
February 9
February 10 – Sissel Sellæg , Norwegian actress (d. 2014 )
February 13
February 14 – Sergey Kapitsa , Russian physicist, demographer (d. 2012 )
February 15 – Luis Posada Carriles , Cuban militant (d. 2018 )
February 17 – Tom Jones , American lyricist
February 18 – John Ostrom , American paleontologist (d. 2005 )
February 19 – Onuora Nzekwu , Nigerian writer (d. 2017 )
February 20
February 21 – Cecil Sandford , English motorcycle racer
February 22
February 23
February 24 – Naqsh Lyallpuri , Indian ghazal (d. 2017 )
February 25 – Paul Elvstrøm , Danish yachtsman (d. 2016 )
February 26
February 27 – René Clemencic , Austrian composer, record player and conductor
February 29 – Joss Ackland , British actor
March [ ]
March 1 – Jacques Rivette , French filmmaker (d. 2016 )
March 3
March 4
March 5 – Yelizaveta Dementyeva , Soviet Olympic canoeist
March 6 – Zoe Ducós , Argentine actress (d. 2002 )
March 7 – Arthur Dion Hanna , Bahamian politician
March 8 – Gerald Bull , Canadian engineer (d. 1990 )
March 9
March 10
March 12
March 13 – Douglas Rain , Canadian actor and narrator (d. 2018 )
March 14
March 16
March 18
March 19
March 20 – Fred Rogers , American children's television host (d. 2003 )
March 21 – Surya Bahadur Thapa , 24th Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2015 )
March 23 – Mark Rydell , American actor, director and producer
March 24
March 25 – Jim Lovell , American astronaut
March 28
March 30
March 31
April [ ]
April 1 – George Grizzard , American actor (d. 2007 )
April 2 – Serge Gainsbourg , French singer (d. 1991 )
April 3
April 4
April 6
April 7
April 8
April 9 – Tom Lehrer , American songwriter, satirist
April 10 – Ashok Mitra , Indian economist, politician (d. 2018 )
April 11 – Ethel Kennedy , American human-rights campaigner, wife of Robert F. Kennedy
April 12 – Hardy Krüger , German actor
April 14 – Egil Monn-Iversen , Norwegian composer, pianist (d. 2017 )
April 15 – Vida Alves , Brazilian actress (d. 2017 )
April 17
April 18
April 19
April 20 – Robert Byrne , American chess player (d. 2013 )
April 23
April 24 – Tommy Docherty , Scottish footballer, manager
April 25 – Cy Twombly , American artist (d. 2011 )
April 27 – Brigitte Auber , French actress
April 28 – Yves Klein , French artist (d. 1962 )
May [ ]
May 1
May 2 – Georges-Arthur Goldschmidt , French writer and translator
May 3
May 4
May 5 – Marshall Grant , American musician (d. 2011 )
May 7 – John Ingle , American actor (d. 2012 )
May 8 – Theodore Sorensen , American lawyer, speechwriter (d. 2010 )
May 9
May 10
May 11
May 12
May 13
May 14 – Algirdas Šocikas , Lithuanian amateur heavyweight boxer (d. 2012 )
May 16 – Billy Martin , American baseball player, manager (d. 1989 )
May 18 – Pernell Roberts , American actor (d. 2010 )
May 19
May 23 – Rosemary Clooney , American singer, actress (d. 2002 )
May 24
May 25 – Mary Wells Lawrence , American advertising executive
May 26 – Jack Kevorkian , American right-to-die advocate (d. 2011 )
May 30 – Agnès Varda , Belgian-born French director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2019 )
June [ ]
June 1
June 3
June 4 – Ruth Westheimer , German-American sex therapist, film and television personality, and author
June 5 – Tony Richardson , English film, theater director (d. 1991 )
June 6
June 7
June 10 – Maurice Sendak , American children's author, illustrator (d. 2012 )
June 11 – Queen Fabiola of Belgium , Spanish Queen Consort of King Baudouin of Belgium (d. 2014 )
June 12
June 13
June 14 – Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna (aka Che Guevara ), Argentine-born Cuban revolutionary (d. 1967 )
June 16 – Annie Cordy , Belgian actress and singer
June 17 – Juan María Bordaberry , Uruguayan dictator (d. 2011 )
June 18 – Michael Blakemore , Australian actor
June 19
June 20
June 21
June 22
June 23
June 24
June 25
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov , Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017 )
Michel Brault , Canadian cinematographer, cameraman, film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. 2013 )
Robert Dean Hunter , American politician
Edwin Mills , American economist
Peyo , Belgian comics artist (d. 1992 )
John A. Wickham Jr. , American general
June 26
June 27
June 28
June 29
Bill Bagley , American politician
Alfredo Biondi , Italian politician, lawyer
Hans Cavalli-Björkman , Swedish lawyer
James Lincoln Collier , American journalist, musician and author
Uri Gallin , Israeli Olympic discus thrower
Jean-Louis Pesch , French comic book writer
Nick Testa , American professional baseball catcher, coach (d. 2018 )
Ian Bannen , Scottish actor (d. 1999 )
June 30 – Nathaniel Tarn , American poet, essayist, anthropologist and translator
July [ ]
July 1
July 2
July 3
July 4
July 5
July 6
July 7
July 8
July 9
July 10
July 11
July 12
July 13
July 14
July 15
Viramachaneni Vimla Devi , Indian parliamentarian (d. 1967 )
Pal Benko , French chess grandmaster, author, and composer of endgame studies and chess problems (d. 2019 )
Nicholas Rescher , German-American philosopher
Tom Troupe , American actor, writer
Hans Andersson-Tvilling , Swedish ice hockey player
Stig Andersson-Tvilling , Swedish ice hockey player (d. 1989 )
Aleksandr Zasukhin , Soviet boxer (d. 2012 )
July 16
July 17
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 21
July 22
July 23
July 24
July 25 – Dolphy , Filipino actor, comedian (d. 2012 )
July 26
July 27 – Joseph Kittinger , American colonel, U.S. Air Force pilot
July 28 – Ann Sloat , Canadian politician (d. 2017 )
July 29
August [ ]
August 1 – Shen Daren , Chinese politician (d. 2017 )
August 2 – Yoko Tani , French-born Japanese actress, nightclub entertainer (d. 1999 )
August 3 – Cécile Aubry , French film actress, author, television screenwriter and director (d. 2010 )
August 4
August 5
August 6
August 7
Helen Vita , Swiss chanson singer, actress, and comedian (d. 2001 )
James Randi , Canadian-American stage magician and scientific skeptic
August 8
August 9
August 10
August 11 – Beniamino Andreatta , Italian economist, politician (d. 2007 )
August 13 – Pedro Pedrossian , Brazilian politician (d. 2017 )
August 14
August 15
August 16
August 17 – Willem Duys , Dutch radio and television presenter, tennis player and music producer (d. 2011 )
August 19 – Queen Ratna of Nepal
August 21
Wu Chuanyu , Indonesian-born Chinese swimmer who competed in the Olympic Games in 1948 and 1952 (d. 1954 )
Chris Brasher , British track and field athlete, sports journalist and co-founder of the London Marathon (d. 2003 )
Art Farmer , American jazz trumpeter, flugelhorn player (d. 1999 )
Gillian Sheen , English Olympic fencer
August 22
August 23 – Marian Seldes , American actress (d. 2014 )
August 24 – Levko Lukyanenko , Ukrainian politician (d. 2018 )
August 25
August 26
August 27
August 28 – Ed Salem , American football quarterback, defensive back (d. 2001 )
August 29 – Herbert Meier , Swiss author, translator (d. 2018 )
August 30
August 31
September [ ]
September 2
September 3
September 4
September 5
September 6
September 7 – Donald Henderson , American epidemiologist (d. 2016 )
September 9 – Sol LeWitt , American artist (d. 2007 )
September 10
September 11
September 12
September 13
September 14 – Dick Clark , American politician
September 15
September 16
September 17 – Roddy McDowall , British actor (d. 1998 )
September 18 – Sigrid Kahle , Swedish journalist, writer (d. 2013 )
September 19 – Adam West , American actor (Batman ) (d. 2017 )
September 20
September 22
September 23 – Santiago Vernazza , Argentine footballer (d. 2017 )
September 25 – Victor Gold , American journalist, press secretary (d. 2017 )
September 26 – Robert D. Ray , American lawyer, politician (d. 2018 )
September 27 – Garry Watson , American child actor
September 28 – Koko Taylor , African-American singer (d. 2009 )
September 30
October [ ]
October 1
October 2
October 3
October 4 – Torben Ulrich , Danish tennis player
October 7
October 8
October 9
October 11 – Geoffrey Tordoff, Baron Tordoff , English businessman, politician (d. 2019 )
October 12 – Dilbagh Singh Athwal , Indian geneticist, agriculturist (d. 2017 )
October 14
October 15
October 16 – Eileen Ryan , American actress
October 17 – Alejandro Végh Villegas , Uruguayan political figure (d. 2017 )
October 18
October 19 – Borisav Jović , 13th President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
October 20 – Li Peng , former Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 2019 )
October 21
October 22 – Nelson Pereira dos Santos , Brazilian film director (d. 2018 )
October 23
October 24 – Mohammad Beheshti , Chief Justice of Iran (d. 1981 )
October 25
October 26 – Erich Kukk , Estonian phycologist, conservationist (d. 2017 )
October 27
October 28
October 30 – Daniel Nathans , American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999 )
October 31 – Roy Romer , American politician
November [ ]
November 2 – Paul Johnson , English journalist, historian and author
November 3
November 4
November 7 – Herbert Flam , American tennis player (d. 1980 )
November 8 – Ursula Haverbeck , German historian
November 9
November 10 – Ennio Morricone , Italian composer
November 11
November 12 – Bobby Baker , American political adviser to Lyndon B. Johnson (d. 2017 )
November 14
November 15 – C. W. McCall , American country singer, politician
November 16 – Clu Gulager , American actor, director
November 17
November 18
November 19
November 20
November 21 – Augustin Bubník , Czech ice hockey player, coach and politician (d. 2017 )
November 23 – Elmarie Wendel , American actress and singer (d. 2018 )
November 28
November 29
November 30
December [ ]
December 2 – Guy Bourdin , French fashion photographer (d. 1991 )
December 3
December 4
December 6 – Stanley Clinton-Davis, Baron Clinton-Davis , English politician and solicitor
December 7
December 9
December 10
December 11 – Paul Bircher , English rower (d. 2019 )
December 12
December 13 – Nati Mistral , Spanish actress (d. 2017 )
December 15
December 16
December 17
December 18 – Galt MacDermot , Canadian-American composer, pianist (d. 2018 )
December 19
December 20 – Donald Adams , British actor and opera singer (d. 1996 )
December 21
December 22 – Piero Angela , Italian writer, journalist and television presenter
December 23 – Roger Jepsen , American politician
December 25
December 26 – Martin Cooper , American inventor, "Father of the mobile phone "
December 28 – Bill Gradison , American politician
December 29
December 30 – Bo Diddley , African-American musician (d. 2008 )
December 31
Deaths [ ]
January–March [ ]
January 1 – Loie Fuller , American dancer (b. 1862 )
January 3
January 6 – Alvin Kraenzlein , American athlete (b. 1876 )
January 11 – Thomas Hardy , British writer (b. 1840 )
January 12 – Ruth Snyder , American murderer (executed) (b. 1895 )
January 16 – Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1851 )
January 21
January 22 – Victor Blue , American admiral (b. 1865 )
January 25 – Charles Gorman , American actor (b. 1865 )
January 28 – Vicente Blasco Ibáñez , Spanish novelist, screenwriter (b. 1867 )
January 29 – Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig , British soldier (b. 1861 )
January 30 – Johannes Fibiger , Danish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1867 )
February 1 – Hughie Jennings , American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1869 )
February 4 – Hendrik Lorentz , Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853 )
February 7 – Adolfo de Carolis , Italian painter (b. 1874 )
February 8 – Theodor Curtius , German chemist (b. 1857 )
February 12 – Manfred von Clary-Aldringen , Austro-Hungarian nobleman, statesman and former Prime Minister of Austria (b. 1852 )
February 15 – H. H. Asquith , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1852 )
February 16 – Eddie Foy , American vaudevillian (b. 1856 )
February 25 – Toribio Romo González , Mexican Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (b. 1900 )
February 26 – Juan Vázquez de Mella , Spanish scholar, politician (b. 1861 )
February 27 – Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky , German diplomat, noble (b. 1860 )
February 28 – Armando Diaz , Italian general, Marshal of Italy (b. 1861 )
March 7 – Robert Abbe , American surgeon (b. 1851 )
March 10 – Mateo Elias Nieves Castillo , Mexican Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1882 )
March 19 – Nora Bayes , American singer, actress (b. 1880 )
March 21 – Edward Walter Maunder , British astronomer (b. 1851 )
March 31 – Medardo Rosso , Italian sculptor (b. 1858 )
April–June [ ]
April 2 – Theodore William Richards , American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868 )
April 5 – Roy Kilner , English cricketer (b. 1890 )
April 13 – Gonzalo Córdova , 21st President of Ecuador (b. 1863 )
April 16 – Pavel Axelrod , Russian Menshevik (b. 1850 )
April 19 – Dorus Rijkers , famous Dutch sailor, savior of over 500 men, women and children (b. 1847 )
April 22
April 25
April 27 – Alessandro Guidoni , Italian air force general (b. 1880 )
May 8 – Clara Williams , American actress (b. 1888 )
May 10 – Ivan Merz , Yugoslav Roman Catholic blessed (b. 1896 )
May 18 – Big Bill Haywood , American labor leader (b. 1869 )
May 19
May 22 – Francisco López Merino , Argentine poet (b. 1904 )
June 3 – Alexander Hamilton , American priest and blessed (b. 1847 )
June 4 – Zhang Zuolin , Chinese warlord (b. 1873 )
June 5 – Sir Liege Hulett , South African politician, sugar magnate (b. 1838 )
June 12 – Salvador Díaz Mirón , Mexican poet (b. 1853 )
June 13 – Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire , British politician and colonial governor (b. 1843 )
June 14 – Emmeline Pankhurst , British women's suffrage campaigner (b. 1858 )
June 16 – Mark Keppel , Superintendent of Los Angeles County Schools (b. 1867 )
June 18 – Roald Amundsen , Norwegian polar explorer (b. 1872 )
June 22
June 24 – Holbrook Blinn , American actor (b. 1872 )
June 28 – Leo Ditrichstein , Austrian-born actor, playwright (b. 1865 )
July–September [ ]
July 1 – Frankie Yale , American gangster (b. 1893 )
July 17
July 21
July 22 – William M. Folger , American admiral (b. 1844 )
July 30 – John Christopher Cutler , 2nd Governor of Utah (suicide) (b. 1905 )
August 8
August 12 – Leoš Janáček , Czech composer (b. 1854 )
August 16 – Carlo Del Prete , Italian aviator (b. 1897 )
August 17 – Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet , British statesman and author (b. 1838 )
August 19
August 27 – Émile Fayolle , French general (b. 1852 )
August 30
September 9 – Urban Shocker , American baseball player (b. 1890 )
September 13 – Italo Svevo , Italian writer, businessman (b. 1861 )
September 29 – John Devoy , Irish rebel leader, exile (b. 1842 )
October–December [ ]
October 1 – Cecilia Eusepi , Italian religious leader and blessed (b. 1910 )
October 8 – Larry Semon , American film actor (b. 1889 )
October 13 – Dagmar of Denmark, later Maria Fyodorovna , wife of Tsar Alexander III and Empress Consort of Russia (b. 1847 )
October 22 – Andrew Fisher , 5th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862 )
October 24 – Arthur Bowen Davies , American artist (b. 1863 )
October 30 – Robert Lansing , U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1864 )
October 31 – John William Wood, Sr. , North Carolinian politician, founder of Benson, North Carolina (b. 1855 )
November 5 – Vlasios Tsirogiannis , Greek general (b. 1872 )
November 6 – Arnold Rothstein , Jewish-American businessman, gangster (b. 1882 )
November 10 – Alexander Trepov , former Prime Minister of the Russian Empire (b. 1862 )
November 12 – Oskar Victorovich Stark , Russian admiral, explorer (b. 1846 )
November 13 – Enrico Cecchetti , Italian ballet dancer (b. 1850 )
November 17 – Lala Lajpat Rai (The Lion of Punjab ), Indian independence movement leader (b. 1865 )
November 18 – Mauritz Stiller , Finnish screenwriter, director (b. 1883 )
November 21 – Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line (b. 1858 )
November 26 – Reinhard Scheer , German admiral (b. 1863 )
November 27 – Frank Hedges Butler , British wine merchant, founding member of the Aero Club of Great Britain (b. 1855 )
December 1
December 2 – Hallam Tennyson , 2nd Governor-General of Australia (b. 1852 )
December 10 – Charles Rennie Mackintosh , British architect (b. 1868 )
December 11 – Lewis Latimer , American inventor (b. 1848 )
December 12 – Patriarch Gregory IV of Antioch (b. 1859 )
December 14
December 16 – Elinor Wylie , American poet, novelist (b. 1885 )
December 17 – Eglantyne Jebb , British human rights activist, co-founder of Save the Children (b. 1876 )
December 21 – Luigi Cadorna , Italian general (b. 1850 )
December 25 – Fred Thomson , American actor (b. 1890 )
Nobel Prizes [ ]
In fiction [ ]
References [ ]
^ Griffith, Fred. (January 1928). "The Significance of Pneumococcal Types" . Journal of Hygiene . Cambridge University Press. 27 (2): 113–159. doi :10.1017/S0022172400031879 . JSTOR 4626734 . PMC 2167760 . PMID 20474956 .
^ Downie, A. W. (1972). "Pneumococcal transformation – a backward view: Fourth Griffith Memorial Lecture" (PDF) . Journal of General Microbiology . 73 (1): 1–11. doi :10.1099/00221287-73-1-1 . PMID 4143929 . Retrieved November 30, 2011 .
^ "250,000 Slaves in Sierra Leone, Africa, Freed". Chicago Daily Tribune . January 3, 1928. p. 3.
^ "Anak Krakatoa" . Today in Science History . Todayinsci. Retrieved January 30, 2012 .
^ Leavitt, Amie Jane (2011). Anatomy of a Volcanic Eruption . Capstone Press.
^ "Transatlantic Television in 1928" . Baird Television . Retrieved September 29, 2015 . Extract from The New York Times 1928-02-09.
^ Shahar, Meir (2008). The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press . p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8248-3349-7 .
^ Not much is known about the West Plains Dance Hall explosion. Much of this event has been lost in time, and since forensic science was still developing, the cause was never discovered.
^ OED (1933, 1978 vol. 1, pp. xxv, xxvl).
^ Cherundolo, Gina; Porter, Carly (March 11, 2010). "Is Winter Finally Over?" . AccuWeather.com . Retrieved January 30, 2012 .
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0 .
^ "Coca-Cola Park : History" . January 3, 2013. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
^ The Hutchinson Factfinder . Helicon. 1999. ISBN 1-85986-000-1 .
^ a b "Álvaro Obregón" (in Spanish). Biografias y Vidas. Retrieved May 29, 2019 .
^ Chapman, Matthew (2010). The Snail and the Ginger Beer: the story of Donoghue v Stevenson . London: Wildy, Simmons & Hill. ISBN 0-85490-049-7 .
^ "Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906–1971)" . The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco . Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011 .
^ Farnsworth, Elma G. (1989). Distant Vision: Romance & Discovery on an Invisible Frontier . Salt Lake City: PemberleyKent. p. 108. ISBN 0-9623276-0-3 .
^ "Culture shock will highlight penicillin discovery" (PDF) (Press release). London: Royal Society of Chemistry. September 2, 2003. Retrieved November 30, 2011 .
^ Ricklefs (1982). A History of Modern Indonesia (reprint ed.). Macmillan Southeast Asian. p. 177. ISBN 0-333-24380-3 .
^ Funston, John, ed. (2001). Government & Politics in Southeast Asia . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 75. ISBN 9789812301345 .